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P lease follow the instruction on the
class notes for session 2 and post the facts that you gathered here. Remember to include the sources.

1950 - 1959
 * Advances in computer technology:**

NICAD battery begins service (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.computerhope.com/history/). 1951 MIT creates the Whirlwind computer (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1951). Univac I computer introduced (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.computerhope.com/history/). Leo business computer introduced (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/). 1952 IAS Computer becomes operational (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from ([|http://www.computerhistory. org/timeline/?year=1952]). 1953 IBM produces the 701 computer (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from [|http://www.computerhistory. org/timeline/?year=1953]). 1954 IBM introduces the model 650 (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.computerhope.com/history/). Fortran I first published by IBM (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/). 1955 IBM introduces the model 702 (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.computerhope.com/history/). Bell Labs introduces the 1st transistor computer (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.computerhope.com/history/). 1956 IBM introduces the model 305 Ramac computer, first with a hard drive (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.computerhope.com/history/). MIT introduced the TX-O computer (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from [|http://www.computerhistory. org/timeline/?year=1956]). 1958 Fortran II created (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.computerhope.com/history/). First Integrated Circuit introduced by Texas Instruments (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/). 1959 COBOL is created (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.computerhope.com/history/).
 * 1950 First Electronic computer introduced in Japan (retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.computerhope.com/history/).

Computer use in education:**

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In the '50s, computer technology itself is fairly new. It continues to advance throughout the decade. It is only towards the end of the decade where people begin to consider "rethinking education". ======

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1950s - Programmed instruction and task analysis surfaces http://www.igi-global.com/downloads/excerpts/SchifterExc.pdf ======

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1951 - Little technology in schools, primarily TV; Class size increases due to baby boom [] ======

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1955 - IBM sells first commercial computer [] ======

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1957 - Launching of Sputnik creates new demands in education and calls for reform http://www.thejournal.com/articles/13739_2 ======

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1958 - National Defense Education Act leads to new technology in schools, mainly in vocational education. Mainframe computers still not widely accepted in schools. [] ======

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1959 - Donal Bitier begins PLATO, the first large-scale project for computer use in education http://www.thejournal.com/articles/13739_3 ======

 **Late 1940’s through early 1950’s · Instructional Television and Audio Visual used in education. Organizations like the American Institutes for Research (http://www.air.org/) were created to continue the work on refining instructional design problems. Psychologist worked on looking at how training could be analyzed and evaluated to improve on the procedures of the training system. The work of psychologists, the early pioneers in instructional design, can be summed up in Psychological Principles in System Development. [|http://www.skagitwatershed.org/~donclark/history_isd/gagne.html] http://ereserves.library.csulb.edu/tempfiles/tmp35634/etec510_chen_reiser_12.pdf · Different theories and models of communication also became an interest during the audiovisual instruction movement. They emphasized that planning for the communication process and delivery of the instruction were important elements to consider, and not just the medium used for the instruction. The medium is not as important as the process of the communication. http://ereserves.library.csulb.edu/tempfiles/tmp35634/etec510_chen_reiser_12.pdf 1953 – 1956 · B.F. Skinner creates “programmed instruction”. In 1954, B. F. Skinner’s article, “The Science of Learning the Art of Teaching” was a huge influence in the field of education. His work in this article and following articles called on the importance of programmed instructional materials, immediate feedback, questions, teaching in small steps, to increase human learning. Also, the trial and revision process, or today called the formative evaluation, is used today in many instructional design models. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_instruction http://ereserves.library.csulb.edu/tempfiles/tmp35634/etec510_chen_reiser_12.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_virtual_learning_environments 1955 · John McCarthy creates the term [|Artificial Intelligence (AI)] at Dartmouth University. http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/ai.htm 1956 · “Taxonomy of Educational Objectives” by Benjamin Bloom is published. This hierarchical approach to learning acquisition has had and continues to have an effect on the systematic design of instruction. http://ereserves.library.csulb.edu/tempfiles/tmp35634/etec510_chen_reiser_12.pdf · SAKI ( developed by [|Gordon Pask] and Robin McKinnon-Wood), the first adaptive teaching system goes into commercial production. It taught keyboard skills and calibrated learning based on the learners performance. As the performance level increased, so did the the instructional support decreased. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_virtual_learning_environments
 * Instructional design and relevant learning theories: (Annabelle McBride)


 * Research foci, method(s) used, or findings:**

 1950- Alan Turing's paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence creates research on artificial intelligence. Can computers act like humans? [|?] http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1951- The American Miltitary begins using computers for war games during the Cold War. [|?] http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/Time_Line.php - Eckert and Mauchly offer UNIVAC or Universal Automatic Computer to the U.S. government to help record the 1950 census. [|?] http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/Time_Line.php 1954- FORTRAN is created through IBM's Specifications for the IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System in computer language by IBM's Programming Research Group. [|?] http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/Time_Line.php

1955- SHARE a computer user group including government, research, aviation and computer organizations unite to gather information on software. [|?] http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/Time_Line.php

1957- The Soviet Union launches Sputnik and creates federal funds for education in math and science. [|?] http://my-ecoach.com/idtimeline/indexlist.html

1958- President Eisenhower addresses the nation through satelite. [|?] http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1960 - 1969 //1961 "The emergence of an on-line community around PLATO"// [|////http://cter.ed.uiuc.edu/cter2/ci335/timeline.html////]
 * Advances in computer technology: (Kasey)

//1963 "General Motor; Research Labs produces the first computer designed auto part: the trunk lid for 1965 Cadillacs. The computer stystem in DAC-1, whose screen displays an image that can be modified with a light pen"// [|////http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/Time_Line.php////]

//1964 "IBM introduces its System/360, the first of its computers to use interchangeable software/peripheral equipment"// [|//http://www.computerhope.com/history////]

//1967 "IMB creates the first floppy disk" http://www.computerhope.com/history/ 1967 "Nokia is formed" http://www.computerhope.com/history/ 1967 "GPS becomes available fro commercial use" http://www.computerhope.com/history/ 1967 "Texas instruments develops the first hand-held calculator" http://cter.ed.uiuc.edu/cter2/ci335/timeline.html

1968 "Sony invents Trinitron" http://www.computerhope.com/history/ 1968 "Douglas Engelbart introduces a prototype of the computer mouse" http://cter.ed.uiuc.edu/cter2/ci335/timeline.html

1969 "AT&T Bell Labratories develop Unix" http://www.computerhope.com/history/ 1969 "Gary Starkweather, whild working with Xerox invents the laser printer" http://www.computerhope.com/history/ 1969 "CompuServe, the first commercial online service, is established" http://www.computerhope.com/history/ //

//Computer use in education: (Lacey) Early 1960s- At MIT Seymour Papert and Marvin Minski found the Artificial Intelligence Lab. Papert begins research that allows the use of the computer as a tool for “thinking about thinking.” www.citejournal.org/articles/v5i3seminal2.pdf

1963- IBM publishes Coursewriteer, computer-aided instruction (CAI) software. It is the first of its kind. http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/context.htm

1963- At Dartmouth, John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz create BASIC, which is used for a wide variety of computer-based instructional materials. They also institute the use of time-sharing which allows the student to interact directly with the computer. Timesharing is later adopted by universities and area schools. http://www.thejournal.com/articles/13739_3

1963- Patrick Suppes and Richard Atkinson create a research and development program dealing with CAI in mathematics and reading. http://www.thejournal.com/articles/13739_3

1963(late)- Only 1% of U.S. secondary schools use computers for instructional purposes. http://www.thejournal.com/articles/13739_4

1965- Some schools get mainframes and minicomputers, but they are mainly used for administrative purposes and school counseling. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/power-pouvoir/ch4/history-histoire/5214792-eng.htm

1967- Formula Translation (FORTRAN) is taught at universities. Computer maintenance becomes a course at some vocational schools. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/power-pouvoir/ch4/history-histoire/5214792-eng.htm

1969- Advanced Research Projects Agency network (ARPAnet) is created by the U.S. Military to research into networking. ARPAnet becomes what is now the Internet. The original Net is a network of supercomputers intended to allow a small number of universities to communicate. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/power-pouvoir/ch4/history-histoire/5214792-eng.htm

1960s(late)- National Science Foundation (NSF) funds development of computer networks for a small number of university and secondary computer centers. http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=106875

<span style="color: rgb(225,9,19);">Instructional design and relevant learning theories: //**

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">with behaviourist concepts to provide a more complete view of learning tasks. [|http://www.indiana.edu/~molpage/ID_Cog%20Sci.pdf]
 * //Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is an instructional method of hands-on, active learning centered on the investigation and resolution of messy, real-world problems.////Originators: Late 1960s at the medical school at McMaster University in Canada.// [|//http://www.learning-theories.com/page/2//]
 * //'The spiral curriculum' discusses of the importance of structure; readiness for learning; intuitive and analytical thinking; motives for learning; and aids to teaching.// [|//http://www.infed.org/biblio/b-learn.htm//]
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">//Maslows 'theory of motivation' moves from low to high level needs.// [|//http://www.infed.org/biblio/b-learn.htm//]
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">//Jerome S. Bruner called for a theory of instruction in 1960. Bruner who stressed the element of social interaction as an integral part of information processing first espoused interactional cognitive development theories.// [|//http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/it/mcgriff/kbase/theories/Cogntvsm/cogntvsm.html#bruner//]
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">//Bandura's **social-cognitive theory** addresses the issues that the social settings in which individuals live, work, and play are powerful influences on behavior, attitudes, and beliefs about one's self and the world. The primary point is that individuals learn from observing the behaviors of others and the social consequences of those actions. http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/it/mcgriff/kbase/theories/Cogntvsm/cogntvsm.html#bandura //
 * The ABCD model for instructional objectives [**ABCDmodel**.doc|www.mdfaconline.org/presentations/ **ABCDmodel**.doc]
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">In the 1960s, psychologist [|Jean Piaget] studied the cognitive development of children, identifying several discrete phases they go through as they grow.http://academics.byuh.edu/IDD/Articles/Theories, http://www.instructionaldesigncentral.com/htm/IDC_instructionaltechnologytimeline.htm
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">Conditions of Learning (Gagné 1965,1977) proposed that the information-processing model of learning could be combined

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">// Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction // (1962). [|http://homepages.nyu.edu/~jpd247/2251/readings/Reiser_2001_History_of_ID.pdf] <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">In the early 1960s, Robert Mager, recognizing the need to teach educators how to write objectives, wrote


 * In the early 1960s, another important factor in the development of the instructional design process was the emergence of criterion-referenced testing. [|http://homepages.nyu.edu/~jpd247/2251/readings/Reiser_2001_History_of_ID.pdf]

<span style="color: rgb(225,9,19);">//Research foci, method(s) used, or findings:// <span style="color: rgb(255,0,43);">(Ann) <span style="color: rgb(38,29,29);">**-"1960’s:** Several systems of individualized instruction developed: Personalized System of Instruction, Audio Tutorial Approach, Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI), Program for Learning in Accordance with Needs (PLAN), Individually Guided Education (IGE) (Reisner, 1987) and Learning for Mastery (Davis & Sorrell, 1995).
 * Late 1960’s:** Programmed instruction was coming to an end (Reiser, 1987)." <span style="color: rgb(102,51,0);">[|http://www.indiana.edu/~idt/shortpapers/documents/ITduring20.html]

- "The Midwest Program of Airborne Televised Instruction (MPATI), which served six midwestern states with carefully taped programs of the nation's finest teachers, encompassing key subjects in the curriculum from grades one to twelve. The projected cost of this state-of-the-art technology per student, per year was estimated to be about that of a single textbook" - "1960's Education: Technology and Education." __American Decades__. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli and Richard Layman. Gale Cengage, 1995. __eNotes.com__. 2006. 4 Feb, 2009 <span style="color: rgb(27,27,172);"><http://www.enotes.com/1960-education-american-decades/ technology-education>

- Considered the "Information Society" based on ITV (instructional television) <span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(29,22,22);">- "tv) 1962- Wilbur Schramm of Stanford's Institute for Communication Research publishes the results of a study of ITV, stating that "there can no longer be any doubt that students learn efficiently from instructional television." (Schramm, 1962)" <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(29,22,22);">-" <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(31,25,25);">tv) 1968- //Learning from Television: What the Research Says// is published. This report, which summarizes nearly four hundred research studies in instructional television, concludes that in 255 of 393 cases, no significant difference between television instruction and conventional instruction was found. (Saettler, 1990) <span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(31,25,25);"> " http://mlmiller.myweb.uga.edu/timeline/1960s.html

//1970 - 1979
 * Advances in computer technology: (Phillip Ivie)

Some of the dates for 70's Computer Innovations

First RAM chip Intel 1970 4004 microprocessor Intel 1971 8008 microprocessor Intel 1971 8080 Microprocessor Intel 1974 Altair 8800, the second personal computer 1974 BASIC by Bill Gates and Paul Allen and formation of Microsoft, developed for Altair 1975 Apple I single-board computer 1976 Z80 chip released by Zilog 1976 Apple II 1977 Tandy TRS80 1977 Commodore PET 1978 Arcade Video game 'Space Invaders' released 1979 IBM start development work on personal computer 1979 http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/70scomputers.html

Some discoveries and developments while creating ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet.

1970 - Programmers Dennis Ritchie and Kenneth Thompson at Bell Labs complete the UNIX operating system on a spare DEC minicomputer. 1972 - Ray Tomlinson writes a program to enable electronic mail to be sent over the ARPANET. Tomlinson develops the ‘user@host’ convention, choosing the @ sign randomly from the symbols on the keyboard. http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.shtml

Computer use in education: (Dennis Porcher)

In general, computer educational use begins. As Marshall McLuhan (media guru) said, “We are witnessing a revolution that is totally new and is changing the very nature of human perception and experience.” However, much of what filtered down in education was skill-and-drill. http://www.thejournal.com/articles/13739_4 1970 - Mainframes and minicomputers in use in some schools, but very little use in the delivery of instruction. [|http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html] In the early seventies at MIT, Seymour Papert set out to develop a new and different approach to computers in education. He developed a programming language, LOGO, to encourage rigorous thinking about mathematics. http://www.thejournal.com/articles/13739_4 LOGO programming language with Turtle being used. http://el.media.mit.edu/Logo-foundation/logo/index.html 1971 - Intel's first microprocessor developed; the first microcomputers (PCs) are developed; a few software companies begin to develop mainframe and minicomputer- based instructional programs. [|http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html] The first e-mail is sent. Ray Tomlinson of the research firm Bolt, Beranek and Newman sent the first e-mail when he was supposed to be working on a different project. Tomlinson, who is credited with being the one to decide on the "@" sign for use in e-mail, sent his message over a military network called ARPANET. When asked to describe the contents of the first email, Tomlinson said it was “something like "QWERTYUIOP"” http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1971 1972 - Lexitron introduces first word-processing system. http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/scitech/carbons/1970.html 1974 - Over two million students used computers in their classes. http://www.thejournal.com/articles/13739_4 1975 - Some Apple 1 PCs are donated to schools; some schools have adopted mainframes and minicomputers and refuse to consider PCs; [|http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html] 55% of the schools had access and 23% were using computers primarily for instruction. http://www.thejournal.com/articles/13739_4 Telenet, the first commercial packet-switching network and civilian equivalent of ARPANET, was born. The brainchild of Larry Roberts, Telenet linked customers in seven cities. Telenet represented the first value-added network, or VAN — so named because of the extras it offered beyond the basic service of linking computers. http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1975 1979 - The first Multi-User Domain (or Dungeon), MUD1, is goes on-line. Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw, two students at the University of Essex, write a program that allows many people to play against each other on-line. MUDs become popular with college students as a means of adventure gaming and for socializing. http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1979

Instructional design and relevant learning theories:**// (found in "Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology") (found at [|http://tip.psychology.org/mager.html]) (found at [|http://www.coe.uh.edu/courses/cuin6373/idhistory/1970.html])
 * Number of Instructional Design Models greatly increased, building on the works of those before them. By the end of the 1970's, over 40 models were identified.
 * In 1975, interest in Instructional Design is seen in many different sectors, such as United States military, graduate programs, business, and industry.
 * First "Journal of Instructional Development" was published.
 * The Criterion Referenced Instruction (CRI) framework is developed by Robert Mager. It is a comprehensive set of methods for the design and delivery of information. Some of the critical aspects include: goal analysis, performance objectives, criterion referenced testing, and development of learning modules tied to specific objectives. CRI is based upon the ideas of mastery learning and performance-oriented instruction.
 * Cognitive approach was dominant throughout the 1970's. The work of Ausubel, Bruner, Merrill, Gagne and others on instructional strategies dominated this decade.

Research foci, method(s) used, or findings: (Amy Segovia) 1980 - 1989 - Costas Pringipas Advances in computer technology: October 1980 Microsoft start developing MS DOS operating system
 * **1970 Arpanet goes online, linking some universities and businesses. http://cter.ed.uiuc.edu/cter2/ci335/timeline.html **
 * **1970 Shakey, the first robot to use artificial intelligence to navigate, is developed at SRI International. http://www.computer.org/portal/cms_docs_computer/computer/timeline/timeline.pdf**
 * 1970 The relational model is described by E.F. Codd which provides a declarative method for specifying data and queries. http://www.computer.org/portal/cms_docs_computer/computer/timeline/timeline.pdf
 * 1970 The 1103 is introduced by Intel, which is a chip containing 1,000 bits of information. http://www.computerhope.com/history/
 * 1971 The first 8" floppy diskette drive diskette is introduced. http://www.computerhope.com/history/
 * 1971 David Parnas describes the principle of information hiding which hides design decisions which are most likely to change, providing a more stable interface. http://www.computer.org/portal/cms_docs_computer/computer/timeline/timeline.pdf
 * **1972 Analytic complexity theory is developed, showing that a large class of computing problems may be computationally intractable. http://www.computer.org/portal/cms_docs_computer/computer/timeline/timeline.pdf**
 * 1975 Bill Gates and Paul Allen form Microsoft. http://cter.ed.uiuc.edu/cter2/ci335/timeline.html
 * 1975 Michael Jackson describes a method to treat a program’s structure as a reflection of a problem’s structure. http://www.computer.org/portal/cms_docs_computer/computer/timeline/timeline.pdf
 * 1977 Apple II is introduced, establishing a benchmark for al personal computers. [|http://cter.ed.uiuc.edu/cter2/ci335/timeline.htm]
 * 1977 Apple II is introduced, establishing a benchmark for al personal computers. [|http://cter.ed.uiuc.edu/cter2/ci335/timeline.htm]

1981 The development of Xerox 8010 ('Star') System. This was the first commercial system to use a WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointing Devices) graphic user interface. Apple used many of the ideas therein for its own operating system in 1983

1981 IBM announced their IBM Personal Computer. 100,000 orders were taken by Christmas. The design becomes far more successful than IBM had anticipated, and becomes the basis for most of the modern personal computer industry.

Sep 1981 The TCP/IP protocol is established. This is the protocol that carries most of the information across the Internet

May 1982 IBM launch the double-sided 320 KB floppy disk drive.

1983 Apple introduced its Lisa. The first personal computer with a graphical user interface

1984 Hewlett-Packard release the immensely popular LaserJet printer,

Sep 1984 Apple released a 512KB version of the Macintosh, known as the "Fat Mac".

1985 CD-ROM, invented by Philips, produced in collaboration with Sony.

Nov 1985 Microsoft Windows launched.

1987 VGA released (designed for the PS/2) by IBM.

1989 World Wide Web, invented by Tim Berners-Lee

Reference
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1980%E2%80%931989

Computer use in education: (Adam)

** ==Early 1980’s – The advent of the microcomputer brings about an interest in using computers for instruction. Source: Reiser & Dempsey (2007). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology, p. 22. ==

==1981 – Computer Aided Instruction (developed by IBM) gains momentum with the development of drill and practice software to be employed by schools. Source: [|http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html**]==

1982 – There are about 100,000 computers in schools Source: Willis, J. (2003). Instructional Technology in Schools: Are We There Yet? //Computers in the Schools//, 20(1), 15.
==1983 – Computers were being used for instructional purposes in more than 40% of all elementary schools and more than 75% of secondary schools in the U.S. Source: Reiser & Dempsey (2007). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology, p. 22. ==

== 1984 – 31 states use computes for career guidance, but there aren’t many classrooms with computers. Computer tutorials and software games begin to be developed by commercial software programmers. Source: [|http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html]==

==Also in 1984 - Seymour Papert makes the claim that computers will destroy the need for public schools. His claim is based on his work with the LOGO system which allows students to independently learn to command and program in an unfamiliar computer language. Source: Paper, S. (1993). //Mindstorms,// pp. 36-37==

== 1987 – The Computer Assistance Act of 1987, Hearing on S. 838 seeks to provide financial assistance to states for computer education programs. It seeks to level the disparity between states that have 31-40 students per computer, while others have more than 60 students per machine. In his opening statement to the hearing, Senator Christopher Dodd (CT) claims that computers, “Are the pencil and paper of the twenty-first century.” Source: Retrieved from ERIC – Computer Assisstance Act of 1987 (1988) p. 5 ==

<span style="color: rgb(5,5,5);"> Instructional design and relevant learning theories [//Elissa//]:

1980’s: Merlin Wittrock developed the Generative Learning Theory. He suggested that “for reading comprehension to occur, readers must actively construct relationships between the information in the text and their background knowledge.” Therefore, teachers can improve comprehension by “providing learning experienced that cause readers to actively make connections between their background knowledge and the text” http://www.siue.edu/MLTE/LA%20Modules%20DONE/generative_learning_theory.htm AND [|http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/smarks/Learning_theory_timeline.html]

1980’s: Computer Based Instruction (CBI) increased a great deal throughout the eighties. It centered around a deliberate “emphasis on design for interactivity and learner control.” http://www.about-elearning.com/history-of-e-learning.html Essentially, “the process of improving performance through non-instructional and instructional interventions.” http://www.educ.ucok.edu/subwebs/aps/ppatterson/InstructionalDesignI/ch3%20history.ppt AND [|http://www.newmediaidt.com/pages/timeline.html]

1980’s: Cognitive Load Theory developed by Sweller. Refers to the “load of working memory during instruction.” For example, the “cognitive load” is much higher when trying to learn a concept in a foreign language because the learner must first translate the language in their mind and try to understand the concept at the same time. Sweller‘s theory “makes use of schemas as the unit of analysis for the design of instructional materials”. It provides guidelines “intended to assist in the presentation of information in a manner that encourages learner activities that optimize intellectual performance”. “Sweller suggests Instructional designers should limit cognitive load by designing instructional materials like worked-examples, or goal-free problems.” [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_load]

1982: Madeline C. Hunter's book, Mastery Teaching, is published. Her direct instruction teaching model becomes widely used as teachers throughout the country attend her workshops and become "Hunterized." [|http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhistorytimeline.html#1900] Below is the theory model: 1. Anticipatory set: Provide a “hook” for students to see the relevance of the learning, or to otherwise become receptive to learning the subject matter. 2. Objectives/Standards: Identify specifically what the student will be able to do, understand, and/or care about as a result of the lesson. 3. Teaching and Modeling: Provide a model or example of what is expected as the end product of the learning 4. Guided Practice: Students work on activities or exercises relevant to the subject matter under the teacher’s direct guidance 5. Check for Understanding: Evaluate the students practice sets to make sure that they “got it” 6. Independent Practice: Once students have acquired the learning, have them repeat the practice to provide reinforcement of the learning. 7. Closure: Actions or words by the teacher that provide cues to students that they have learned the subject matter or a summary of the lesson [|http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:aB8baTFx1lkJ:faculty.swosu.edu/ruth.boyd/share/CMM%2520Math/The%2520Madeline%2520Hunter%2520Direct%2520Instruction%2520Model.doc+madeline+hunter+direct+instruction&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us]

1983: Component Display Theory developed by Merill. This theory "suggests that there is a unique combination for the most effective learning experience by determining the content and desired performance then adding prescriptions to form a learning strategy". Essentially, the theory states "instruction is more effective" when it contains elements from both content and performance. "Thus a complete lesson would consist of objective followed by some combination of rules, examples, recall, practice, feedback, helps and mnemonics appropriate to the subject matter and learning task". http://tip.psychology.org/merrill.html and [|http://coe.sdsu.edu/eet/articles/cdt/index.htm]

1983: “By January of 1983, 40% of all US elementary schools and 75% of all secondary schools were using CAI type equipment and programs to enhance the learning environment.” [|http://www.cmcarlson.com/Capella/ed7503/Timeline/Instructional%20Design%20Timeline%201900%20to%202008.pdf]

1987: Reiser reported that “Due to its interactive capabilities, the computer can be programmed to adapt instruction to the needs of the individual learners.” [|http://www.indiana.edu/~idt/shortpapers/documents/ITduring20.html]

Research foci, method(s) used, or findings: (Mon)

1980 – 1989 Research Foci, Methods Used, and Findings

1980

· Blank, M. S. & Galley, S. W., How to Fit a Large Program into a Small Machine, Creative Computing, July 1980, pp 80-87.
 * 1) Development was researched on fitting large program into smaller capacity space systems. Mainly for game console systems which translated into entertainment purposes for profit in the home market.

1981

1. A review study was done to review the impact on data entry devices and display devices for informational retrieval and how it can impact the occupational environment. · Turtle, Howard, David W. Penniman, and Thomas B. Hickey. 1981. "Data Entry/Display Devices for Interactive Information Retrieval." In //Annual Review of Information Science and Technology//, ed. by Martha E. Williams, White Plains, N.Y.: Knowledge Industry Publications 16: 55-83.

2. Donkey Kong was developed for Nintendo spurning research into user interfaces for entertainment purposes. · Miyamoto, S. (1981). Donkey Kong. Nintendo.

1983

1. Efforts were made to standardize the way information was displayed onscreen. · Hickey, Thomas B. and Phyllis Spies. 1982. Standards for Information Display. Library Trends 31 no. 2 (Fall 1982): 315-324.

2. Information studies were conducted to develop and research the way online catalog transitions should be done. · Tolle, John E. 1983b. "Transaction Log Analysis: Online Catalogs, Research and Development in Information Retrieval." In //Research and Development in Information Retrieval; Sixth Annual International// //ACM// //SIGIR// //Conference//, 17(4): 147-60. New York: The Association of Computing Machinery, Inc.

3. Prolong exposure to sitting and starting at a workstation screen developed workplace strain injuries and research was conducted to prevent them happening. · Tijerina, Louis. 1983. "Optimizing the VDT Workstation Controlling Glare and Postural Problems." OCLC product no. 862.

4. Editorial research questions were raised about Boolean searches. Today what know as GOOGLE, not the company, but the verb of goggling? · Hildreth, Charles R. 1983. "Guest editorial: To Boolean or Not to Boolean? //Information Technology and Libraries// 2(3): 235-37 (Sept. 1983).

1984

1. I.T. environments were researched and designed for optimal performance for that era. · Learn, Larry L. and Michael J. McGill. "The Telecommunication Environment and its Implications for System Design." //Microcomputers for Information Management// 1(2): 125-137 (June 1984).

2. Questions raised about human interactions and the effects technology brings on it. · Hildreth, Charles R. 1984. "The New Information Society: Will it be as human?" //Journal of Educational Media and Library Science// 21(3): 221-37 (1984).

1985

1. Review of Boolean search and its methods. Boolean is what Google is based off. · Das-Gupta, Padmini. 1985. "Boolean Interpretation of Conjunctions for Document Retrieval." //OCLC Research Review//, 31 October 1985.

1987

1. Research is done on advanced interface system like windows 3.1 and the Macintosh finder interface. · Teskey, Niall. 1987. "Extensions to the Advanced Interface Management Project." //OCLC Research Review//, July 1987.

1988

1. Findings on design issues are researched pertaining to collection bases systems. · Dillon, Martin, Dave Stephens, Kevin Flash, and Mark Crook. 1988. "Design Issues for a Microcomputer-based Collection Analysis System." //Microcomputers for Information Management// 5(4): 263-273 (December 1988). 1989

1. “Tags” are invented as search tools for library cataloging systems but now they are more widely used online as search beacons also known as tags. Most video sharing websites including YouTube.com use these identifiers. · Weibel, Stuart L., John C. Handley, and Charles Huff. 1989. "Automated Document Architecture Processing and Tagging." In //Proceedings of the Conference on Application of Scanning Methodologies in Libraries, November 17-18, 1988, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland//, ed. Donald L. Blamberg, Carol L. Dowling, Claudia V. Weston, 3-15. Beltsville, Maryland: National Agricultural Library.

IBM Specific Research and Development Focus 1980 - RISC ARCHITECTURE. IBM successfully builds the first prototype computer employing RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture. Based on an invention by IBM scientist John Cocke in the early 1970's, the RISC concept simplified the instructions given to run computers, making them faster and more powerful. Today, RISC architecture is the basis of most workstations and is widely viewed as the dominant computing architecture of the future. 1981 - SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE. Two scientists from the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Gerd K. Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, invent the Scanning Tunneling Microscope, which provides a first-ever look at the topography of surfaces in an atom-by-atom format. IN 1986, Binnig and Rohrer are awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their accomplishment. 1982 - TOKYO RESEARCH LABORATORY. The Tokyo Research Laboratory opens its doors. Today more than 250 people at IBM's Tokyo Lab are working on research in the fields of computer science, storage and semiconductor technology, and manufacturing. 1982 - TRELLIS-CODED MODULATION**. Soon after its invention at the Zurich Research Laboratory, trellis-coded modulation (TCM) is first used in voice band modems to send data at higher rates over telephone channels. Today, TCM is applied in a large variety of terrestrial and satellite-based transmission systems as a key technique for achieving faster and/or more reliable digital transmission.** 1985 - TOKEN RING NETWORK**. Token Ring technology, developed by the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, brings a new level of control to local area networks and quickly becomes an industry standard for LAN's helping to connect local printers, workstations and servers.** 1986 - ALMADEN RESEARCH CENTER**. IBM Research dedicates the Almaden Research Center - the successor to the San Jose Research Laboratory which was established in 1952. Today, Almaden is IBM's second-largest laboratory. Its primary focus areas include storage systems, technology, and computer science.** 1986 - HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY**. Two scientists from the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, J. George Bednorz and K. Alex Muller, discover superconductivity in ceramic oxides that carry electricity without loss of energy at much higher temperatures than any other superconductor. The discovery sparks a worldwide effort focusing on applications of high-temperature superconductors to such areas as power generate, microwave applications and sensors. One year later, Bednorz and Muller are awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their discovery.** 1989 - SILICON GERMANIUM TRANSISTORS**. By replacing more expensive and exotic materials like gallium arsenide with silicon germanium (known as SiGe), IBM creates faster chips at lower costs. Introducing germanium into the base layer of an otherwise all-silicon bipolar transistor allows for significant improvements in operating frequency, current, and noise and power capabilities. In 1995, IBM commercializes its silicon germanium chips through partnerships with companies in the emerging telecommunications market. Hughes and NORTEL are among the fist to participate. http://www.research.ibm.com/about/past_history.shtml**

1990 - 1999
 * Advances in computer technology: (Oscar Navarro)**

1990- ** “Tim Berners ‐ Lee writes first HTML source code” http://www.unf.edu/dept/cirt/events/past/forecast_panel/Tech%20timeline.pdf ** 1990- "Cornell University and Xerox joined forced to develop a scanning workstation that could be used to produce preservation quality printer facsimilies as a means for addressing the nation's brittle books crisis.”  Kenney, A., & Chapman, S. (1996). **// Digital imaging for libraries and archives. //** Ithaca, N.Y. : Dept. of Preservation and Conservation, Cornell University Library.  1990- “ ** Introduction of [|Windows 3.0] by [|Microsoft] . It is a multitasking system that maintains compatibility with [|MS-DOS], allowing several MS-DOS tasks to be run at once on an 80386 or above. This created a real threat to the Macintosh and despite a similar product, IBM's OS/2, it was very successful.”  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Revolution  ** 1991- ** “Buy 1991 Berners-Lee had all the rudimentary components of his electronic system of document sharing, and the World Wide Web was born” (2003, Willis, p.13) ** 1995-“ ** The Java programming language, unveiled in May, enables platform independent application development. “Duke” is the first applet.”

http://www.computer.org/portal/cms_docs_computer/computer/timeline/timeline.pdf **

1996- ** “First modern IM (ICQ)” http://www.unf.edu/dept/cirt/events/past/forecast_panel/Tech%20timeline.pdf **

1998- ** “Apple announces the iMac, an All-in-One with integral 15 inch (381 mm) multiscan monitor, 24x CDROM, 2x available USB ports, 56 kbit/s [|modem], 2 stereo speakers, and Ethernet but no floppy drive. It was encased in translucent [|Bondi Blue] and Ice plastic. Quantity shipping began in August. Designed by [|Jonathan Ive], it was the model that put Apple back on the road to profitability.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Revolution ** 1998 ** - “Canada kicks off CA*net 3, the first national optical internet” http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/

Computer use in education: (Khadaffy Ripors) **1990
 * Impact of computers in schools were very small” ( Reiser, 2007).

1992 1994 1995 growing in popularity ( [|http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html] ). 1996 Reiser, R. A. (2007). A history of instructional design and technology. In R.A. Reiser & J.V. Dempsey (Eds.), // Trends and issues in instructional design and technology //(pp.17-34// ). // Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall. [|http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html]).
 * Clinton elected President. Police and prison budgets becomes a higher priority over education budgets which greatly affects the funding and support for computers in the classrooms ([|http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html]).
 * Most US classrooms now have at least one PC available for instructional delivery ( [|http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html] ).
 * Most Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) is delivered on CD-ROM disks and is
 * Most schools had 1 computer for every 9 students but had little or no use by teachers in instructional setting. Computers were mainly used for drill and practice or for teaching computer related skills such as word processing, typing etc ( Reiser, 2007).
 * Many schools are rewiring for Internet access; schools are beginning to install web servers and provide faculty with a way to create instructional web pages ( [|http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html] ).

Instructional design and relevant learning theories: (Rica Young) 1991 - Virtual Learning Environment "Formal Systems Inc. of Princeton, NJ, USA introduces a DOS-based Assessment Management System. An internet version was introduced in 1997. (In 2000, Formal Systems changed its name to Pedagogue Solutions)." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_virtual_learning_environments_1990s

"In 1992, Wayne was watching one of his children playing with Lego building blocks while mulling over some problems regarding learning strategies. Wayne realized right there that the industry needed building blocks for learning-plug-and-play interoperable pieces of learning. He termed those building blocks, "learning objects"." http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/ocotillo/retreat02/rlos.php 1992 - Elaborating the Elaboration Theory "Elaboration theory is an instructional design theory that argues that content to be learned should be organized from simple to complex order, while providing a meaningful context in which subsequent ideas can be integrated." http://www.learning-theories.com/elaboration-theory-reigeluth.html**
 * 1992 - Reusable Learning Objects

"While the ADDIE model has been around since at least 1975, it was generally known as SAT (System Approach to Training) and later, ISD (Instructional System Development). The use of the ADDIE acronym did not come about until much later. Now there are probably earlier uses, but these are the earliest references that I have been able to locate that actually use the acronym of ADDIE." [|http://www.skagitwatershed.org/~donclark/history_isd/isdhistory.html]
 * 1995 - The acronym ADDIE

1995 - Webquest "A WebQuest is an inquiry-oriented lesson format in which most or all the information that learners work with comes from the web. The model was developed by Bernie Dodge at San Diego State University in February, 1995 with early input from SDSU/Pacific Bell Fellow Tom March the Educational Technology staff at San Diego Unified School District, and waves of participants each summer at the Teach the Teachers Consortium." [|http://my-ecoach.com/idtimeline/1990s.html\] http://webquest.org/index.php**

"This movement, with its emphasis on on-the-job performance (rather than learning), business results, and noninstructional solutions to performance problems has broadened the scope of the instructional design field. Indeed, in recent years many training organizations have adopted the practices those in the human performance technology field have been advocating. In fact, those organizationsrecently recognized by the American Society for Training and Development for their exceptional efforts in fostering and supporting workplace learning and performance were cited for their use of noninstructional solutions to learning and performance problems, as well as their emphasis on business results, two key principles associated with the human performance technology field (Sugrue & Kim, 2004)." http://ereserves.library.csulb.edu/ (course readings for ETEC 510)
 * 1990's - Human Performance Technology Movement

1900's - Rise and spread of Constructivist Theory "Constructivist views of learning and instruction have had a major impact on the thoughts and actions of many theorists and practitioners in the instructional design field. For example, the constructivist emphasis on designing "authentic" learning tasks—tasks that reflect the complexity of the real-world environment in which learners will be using the skills they are learning—has had an effect on how instructional design is being practiced and taught (e.g., Dick, 1996)." http://ereserves.library.csulb.edu/ (course readings for ETEC 510)

1990's - Electronic Performance Support Systems "In Electronic Performance Support Systems//, published in 1991, Gloria Gery defined EPSS as: an integrated electronic environment that is available to and easily accessible by each employee and is structured to provide immediate, individualized on-line access to the full range of information, software, guidance, advice and assistance, data, images, tools, and assessment and monitoring systems to permit job performance with minimal support and intervention by others." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_performance_support_systems

<span style="color: rgb(22,18,18); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 1990's - Knowledge Management Systems Knowledge Management (KM) comprises a range of practices used in an organisation to identify, create, represent, distribute and enable adoption of insights and experiences. Such insights and experiences comprise knowledge, either embodied in individuals or embedded in organisational processes or practice. An established discipline since 1995, KM includes courses taught in the fields of business administration, information systems, management, and library and information systems." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management**

"Rapid (or throwaway) software prototyping also describes a practice in the software development process or application development process and sometimes refers to RAD  (  rapid application development). Rapid prototyping is the automatic construction of physical objects using solid freedom publication." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_prototyping
 * 1990's - Rapid Prototyping

__Research foci, method(s) used, or findings:__ (Alicia Deaso)

1990 “In 1990 Tim Berners-Lee, working with Robert Cailliau at CERN propose a 'hypertext' system, which is the first start of the Internet, as we know it today.” http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1990 “Gopher is developed at the University of Minnesota. The program is a menu-driven search-and-retrieval tool and helps Internet users location information online.” http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1990

“The first search engine Archie, written by Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan, and Mike Parker at McGill University in Montreal Canada is released on September 10, 1990” http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1991 “The World Wide Web is launched to the public August 6, 1991. Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at the European Partial Physics Laboratory (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland develops the Web as a research tool.” http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1992 Radical Constructivism- Earnest von Glasersfeld suggest a model for teaching and learning based on two principles: “1. knowledge is not passively received but actively built up by the cognizing subject; 2. the function of cognition is adaptive and serves the organization of the experiential world, not the discovery of ontological reality.” [|http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~mryder/itc_data/constructivism.html]

1993 Elaboration Theory “According to elaboration theory, instruction should be organized in increasing order of complexity for optimal learning. For example, when teaching a procedural task, the simplest version of the task is presented first; subsequent lessons present additional versions until the full range of tasks are taught. In each lesson, the learner should be reminded of all versions taught so far (summary/synthesis). A key idea of elaboration theory is that the learner needs to develop a meaningful context into which subsequent ideas and skills can be assimilated.

Elaboration theory proposes seven major strategy components: (1) an elaborative sequence, (2) learning prerequisite sequences, (3) summary, (4) synthesis, (5) analogies, (6) cognitive strategies, and (7) learner control. The first component is the most critical as far as elaboration theory is concerned. The elaborative sequence is defined as a simple to complex sequence in which the first lesson epitomizes (rather than summarize or abstract) the ideas and skills that follow. Epitomizing should be done on the basis of a single type of content (concepts, procedures, principles), although two or more types may be elaborated simultaneously, and should involve the learning of just a few fundamental or representative ideas or skills at the application level.

It is claimed that the elaboration approach results in the formation of more stable cognitive structures and therefore better retention and transfer, increased learner motivation through the creation of meaningful learning contexts, and the provision of information about the content that allows informed learner control. Elaboration theory is an extension of the work of Ausubel (advance organizers) and Bruner (spiral curriculum).” http://tip.psychology.org/reigelut.html

1993 Blacker discusses value neutrality as it relates to educational technologies and suggests that the value of technology lies in the value of education itself. Recalling the work of John Dewey, suggests that the discussion of the goals of education and subsequently, technology, is very important. http://ereserves.library.csulb.edu/ (course readings for ETEC 510)

1994 Clark discusses how research on the learning benefits of technology are inconclusive and that often research makes the assumption that the media is inherently beneficial when, if fact, it is the use if instructional methods that influence learning. http://ereserves.library.csulb.edu/ (course readings for ETEC 510)

1994 Kozma asserts that educational media has no influence on learning but he questions if educational media will have an influence. He suggests this may be possible through instructional design. He suggests that further research is needed to discover how instructional media may influence learning. http://ereserves.library.csulb.edu/ (course readings for ETEC 510)

1994 “Netscape is found by Marc Andreesen and James H. Clark.” http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1994 “YAHOO is created in April, 1994.” http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1995 The first Wiki is created. http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1995 “Microsoft releases Internet Explorer 1.0 in August of 1995.” http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1995 “Dorsey, Goodrum, and Schwen develop another system of instructional design with the introduction of Rapid Prototyping. Rapid prototyping involve learners and/or subject matter experts (SMEs) interacting with prototypes and instructional designers in a continuous review/revision cycle.” http://my-ecoach.com/idtimeline/indexlist.html

1996 “Google is first developed by Sergey Brin and Larry Page.” http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1997 “On January 7th Microsoft releases the final version of Internet Explorer 3.0 for the Apple Macintosh.” http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1997 “Microsoft releases Internet Explorer 4.0 in September of 1997.” http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1998 “Google is founded by Sergey Brin and Larry Page September 7, 1998.” http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1998 “Internet weblogs begin to appear.” http://www.computerhope.com/history/

1999 William Win proposes a theoretical framework and design considerations for the use of virtual environment technology in teaching and learning. He proposes several research topics needed to further evaluate the teaching and learning costs and benefits of virtual environments. http://my-ecoach.com/idtimeline/indexlist.html**

2000 - 2009 Advances in computer technology: (Michelle Cairy) 2000 __First presidential announcements made via the computer (webcast) http://www.computerhope.com/history/2000.htm__ a new website is also introduced containing an assortment of government resources. . This video introduces the first IPod and revolutionizes how we buy music. The cost of songs and the size of the product reduces. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kN0SVBCJqLs__ 2001 Apple introduces the first IPod. This video introduces the first IPod and revolutionizes how we buy music. The cost of songs and the size of the product reduces. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kN0SVBCJqLs__ 2002 ADVANCES IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND FUTURE GROWTH IN TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY This article talks about how the advances in computer technologies have contributed to growth in the economy in recent years. The Congressional Budget Office also made a prediction that in 2002 that this trend would increase from 2002-2012. http://www.cbo.gov/doc.cfm?index=3448&type=0&sequence=1 2004 Technology Research Advances of 2004 In 2004 advances in Biotechnology has led to the development of a DNA device that can acts as an antibody which can “sense and attack cancer cells”. [|http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/122904/TRN's_Top_Picks_122904.html__] 2006 Intel introduces Core Duo This device was made especially for mobile computers along with, and for the first time, Apple computers. [|http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/coreduo.htm] <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(13,13,13); line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-decoration: none;">[|2007] Apple introduces the iPhone. The iPhone enables it’s users to take their phone and computer with them where ever they go. The device is compact and has a touch screen. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1575743-1,00.html 2008 Amazing Technology Advancements of 2008 Microsoft has developed a type of laser technology that “can turn any surface into a touch screen”. http://www.content4reprint.com/computers/information-technology/amazing-technological-advancements-of-2008.htm http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4217348.html

Computer use in education:

Instructional design and relevant learning theories: 1. M. David Merrill has attempted to identify 5 invariant principles of good instructional design regardless of strategy. These principles are: a) Does the courseware relate to real world problems? b) Does the courseware activate prior knowledge or experience? c) Does the courseware demonstrate what is being learned? d) Can learners practice and apply what acquired knowledge or skill? e) Are learners encouraged to integrate (transfer) the new knowledge or skill in everyday life? Source First Principles of Instruction by M. David Merrill website: http://cito.byuh.edu/merrill/text/papers/5FirstPrinciples.PDF

2. The role of language in software development is limited when using technology. Open-ended statements or questions can not be easily interpreted. This is a major difference between constructivists and behaviorists learning theories. Source Patricia Deubel "An Investigation of Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Instructional Multimedia Design" website: http://www.ct4me.net/multimedia_design.htm

3.

Research foci, method(s) used, or findings: Raul Garcia Ortiz

1. The source Multidisciplinary Methods in Educational Technology Research and Development by Author:  [|Justus J. Randolph] http://justus.randolph.name/methods "Over the past thirty years, there has been much dialogue, and debate, about the conduct of educational technology research and development. In this brief volume, Justus Randolph helps clarify that dialogue by theoretically and empirically charting the research methods used in the field and provides much practical information on how to conduct educational technology research." Questions such as what methodogical factors are needed to be taken into account when designing and conducting etec research, types of etec researchers tend to ask, how etec researchers conduct research, what approaches are used, variables examined, measures used, how the reports are made of the research conducted, and how this research be improved.

2. Social Network Analysis techniques: implications for information and knowledge sharing in virtual learning communities: source International Journal of Advanced Media and Communication ** http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1356289&dl=GUIDE&coll=GUIDE ** “ This work employs social network techniques to analyse patterns of interactions critical to information and knowledge sharing among learners in a virtual learning community. Drawing from the results of this analysis, fundamental variables which are more likely to affect information and knowledge sharing in virtual learning communities are explored and future research initiatives to pursue these issues is presented. “

3. Journal of Educational Computing Research ; A Longitudinal Assessment of Teacher Education Students' Confidence toward Using Technology ** [|http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?id=4330005k14257161] **“** This article describes the findings of a longitudinal study examining how teachers' confidence toward using technology have evolved, if at all, since taking an educational technology course during their preservice teacher education experience. Pre- and post-surveys were administered to undergraduate and graduate teacher education students at the beginning and end of an educational technology course, as well as several years later. Findings show that the overall instructional and personal confidence scores were significantly higher than when compared to the pre-course survey mean, although lower than the post-course survey mean. “ === 4. Blocks to Robots: Learning with Technology in the Early Childhood Classroom Author(s): Bers, Marina: https://www.stanford.edu/group/cubberley/node/2711 Teachers college press 2008: Research shows that attitudes about science, math, and technology start to form during the early schooling years. This pioneering book shows how to successfully use technology in the early childhood classroom. Grounded in a constructivist approach to teaching and learning, the author focuses on robotic manipulatives that allow children to explore complex concepts in a concrete and fun way. At the same time, she examines how this technology engages sensorimotor and socioemotional skills, which are fundamental for the healthy development of young children." ===

5. Technology-enhanced research: educational ITC systems as research instruments by Richard Cox, University of Sussex, UK Information and communications technology (ICT) in education includes web-based content, simulations and microworlds, adaptive systems, intelligent tutoring systems, virtual reality, handheld and mobile devices, and virtual learning environments such as Moodle, Bodington, Blackboard and WebCT. Appropriately, the evaluation of the effects of educational information and communications tech upon learning outcomes is the topic of a large amount of educational research. http://ereserves.library.csulb.edu/tempfiles/tmp35633/etec510_chen_cox_20.pdf